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- Casey Connealy
- History
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- Frederick Douglas
-
- The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave was written by Frederick
- Douglass himself. He was born into slavery in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1817. He has,
- "àno accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it" (47). He
- became known as an eloquent speaker for the cause of the abolitionists. Having himself been kept as a
- slave until he escaped from Maryland in 1838, he was able to deliver very impassioned speeches about
- the role of the slave holders and the slaves. Many Northerners tried to discredit his tales, but no one was
- ever able to disprove his statements.
- Frederick Douglass does offer a biased review of slavery, as he was born into it, yet even in his
- bias he is able to detect and detail the differences in the slave holders cruelty and that to which he was
- subjected. From being whipped and humiliated daily, "a very severe whippingà for being awkward"
- (101), to being able to find his own work and save some money, "I was able to command the highest
- wages given to the most experienced calkers" (134), he is able to give the reader a more true picture of
- slavery. His poignant speeches raised the ire of many Northerners, yet many still felt the slaves deserved
- their position in life. Douglass, for his own safety, was urged to travel to England where he stayed and
- spoke until 1847 when he returned to the U.S. to buy his freedom. At that point, he began to write and
- distribute an anti-slavery newspaper called "The North Star". Not only did he present news to the slaves,
- but it was also highly regarded as a good source of information for those opposed to slavery.
- During the Civil war, Douglass organized two regiments of black soldiers in Massachusetts to
- fight for the North. Before, during and after the war he continued his quest to free all the slaves. He
- became known as a fair and righteous man and was appointed as the U.S. Minister of Haiti after holding
- several government offices.
- Frederick Douglass has woven many themes into his narrative, all being tied with a common
- thread of manÆs inhumanity towards man. Children were uprooted from the arms of their mothers,
- "before the child has reached itÆs twelfth month, itÆs mother is taken from it" (48) and sold to other slave
- holders. Brutal whippings occurred for even the smallest imagined offense, "a mere look, word, or
- motion" (118), women were treated as no better than common concubines and the slaves were forced into
- living quarters, "on one common bedà cold, damp floor" (55) worse than some of the farm animals. The
- slaves were not allowed even the most meager portion of food, "eight pounds of pork and one bushel of
- corn meal" (54) to last a month. Clothes were scarce and illness was never tolerated. It was unthinkable
- for the slaves to practice any type of religion, hold any gatherings, become literate to any degree,
- "unlawfulà unsafe, to teach a slave to read" (78) or even make the simple decision of when to eat and
- sleep.
- One of the themes that the book dealt with is society and itÆs handling of slavery under the guise
- of Christianity. Those who professed to being the most Christian i.e., the minister who lived next door,
- was actually the most cruel. Douglass stated adamantly that religion was, "a mere covering for the most
- horrid of crimes, --- justifier ofà barbarity --- sanctifier ofà hateful fraud, --- àprotection for the slave
- holder" (117). "Religious slave holders are the worst" (117) because they thought it was their duty to
- "whip his slaves" (118). While being in the community of religious leaders, Douglass was subjected to the
- "meanestà most cruel" (117) of acts of one human being towards another. The slaves were kept down,
- belittled and whipped into submission all under the tenets of Christianity. The Rev. Weeden, Rev.
- Hopkins and Mr. Freeland felt it was not only their right to own slaves, but also their God-given right to
- take these æhuman beingsÆ and turn them into hard workers. The imagined acts of transgression and the
- punishments mettled out smacked of Puritanism of the 1600Æs. If they, as religious leaders, were the ideal
- citizens of society, then the slaves, who were the chaff of the wheat, must be treated as such. If the slaves
- were not whipped daily, how could they ever be saved from all their imagined sins?
- Not only are we allowed a chronological view of Frederick DouglassÆ life, we are also privy to the
- growth of his emotional maturity as he explores the value of becoming a free man, "looked forwardà safe
- to escapeà too young to go immediatelyà consoled myself with hope" (86). It is the gradual realization
- that the more Douglass is treated fairly, "deep conviction that slavery would not always be able to hold me
- in its foul embrace" (75), the more he wants to be free and the more inhumanly he is treated, "raised his
- musketà aim at his standing victimà Demby [a slave shot unjustly] was no moreà horror flashed
- through every soul upon the plantation" (67) the more he accepts his plight as a slave that opens up his
- major theme. He comes to realize that the slaves lose their personality and identity the more submissive
- and down trodden they become. Unable to think of only protecting their survival, they begin to believe
- they are unworthy of being saved.
- As they are awarded more freedoms, the slaves begin to realize that what has been taken from
- them is actually their right to have, "a city slave is almost a freeman" (79). Freedom looks more and more
- precious the closer they are to achieving it until it becomes an obsession and they will fight to the death to
- become freemen.
- The literary work the Narrative expresses two main views of women, neither of which are to be
- taken as positive values even in the 1800Æs. In a very unfavorable light, Douglass tells the reader that
- slave women were expected to work alongside the men doing the same hard, dirty labor or they were used
- to watch the children when they become, "too old for field labor" (48).
- In Narrative, Mr. Covey, "buys one slaveà for a breeder" (105). The men in Narrative believe
- women are only good for sex and they do not hesitate to use them as such. Another example is that
- FrederickÆs father was, "whisperedà my master was my father [Captain Anthony]" (49). The slave
- holder was not above satisfying his sexual urges by the usage of black slaves.
- The book was easily digested and powerful yet Douglass softened the tone by not becoming
- graphic when he had every right to do so. This was the first publication of the book and it would be
- interesting to see how much "gentler" he was by the third rewrite. Published by the Anti Slavery
- Committee, it was definitely biased against the slave holder but Douglass seemed to write fairly of his
- experiences especially since he was able to relate both good and bad experiences with his slave owners.
- DouglassÆ words sum it up the best, "You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a
- slave was made a man." (107)
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